Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical stability. Accurately identifying these voids is fundamental for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating ra

Cavity characterization plays a crucial role in geotechnical design processes. A thorough understanding of cavity shape and characteristics is essential for accurately assessing the potential impact on infrastructure . Geotechnical engineers utilize various techniques to characterize cavities, including remote sensing . These methods provide valua

Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and assessment of potential mineral resources. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral presence. These geophysical techniques often involve the observation of ph